| ALLCOMP, INC.
209 Puente Ave. City of Industry, CA 91746 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(626) 369-1273
Dr. Mike Wang MDA 03-001 Selected for Award |
| Title: | A Light Weight High Flux Cooling Module |
| Abstract: | Recent advancement in both commercial and military electronic devices, such as radar T/R modules, solid state motor drivers, RF power amplifiers, advanced microprocessor among others demands for advanced thermal management systems to maintain their high operation performance. A light weight high heat flux cooling module is proposed for current and future thermal management of instruments and devices in aerospace, defense and other fields. Its feasibility will identified and related important technical issues will be explored and solved, a cooling module prototype will be fabricated for thermal management of radar systems and other high power electronic devices and its cooling capability will be verified by prototype testing during Phase I. A successful demonstration of the proposed technology will further improve the performance and reliability of current and next generation high power electronic components and devices. The proposed technology has significant commercial values in fields of power electronics, optics, military electronics, computer and telecommunication. The accomplishment of the proposed research and development will efficiently improve performance and reliability of current and next generation semiconductor devices in electronics, optics, computer and communication. It will benefit to improvement and miniaturization of radar and communication systems among others. The developed technology has high commercial potentials in fields of power electronics, solid state lasers, military electronics, computer and communication. The proposed cooling module and its derivatives maybe used in both DoD related and many advanced commercial applications where high power density, weight and volume are mainly concerned. In addition, the proposed concept may also be used in nuclear related applications. |
| ATEC, INC.
387 Technology Drive College Park, MD 20742 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(301) 403-1744
Dr. John Lawler MDA 03-001 Selected for Award |
| Title: | T/R Module Board Cooled With Thin-Film Evaporators |
| Abstract: | We propose to develop a superior thermal management system for high-power radar T/R modules at the Lower Replaceable Unit or LRU board level. We will incorporate evaporators into a new LRU board such that an evaporator is adjacent to each T/R module. Our unique and proprietary thin-film evaporators remove large amounts of heat via ultra thin-film evaporation of a working fluid. After evaporation, the fluid's vapors are channeled to the edge of the board, where the vapor is cooled and condensed back to a liquid and returned to an evaporator. The temperature drop across our LRU board should be about 10øC, as opposed to the approximately 40øC temperature drops across standard T/R module boards. The lower thermal resistance of our T/R module board will reduce the operating temperatures of future higher-power MMIC's, which will increase the reliability of the radar system. Our proposed design has many advantages. The cooling mechanism is ideal for the limited space available inside a T/R module board. The thin-film evaporators will be able to remove heat at rates of up to 200 W/cm2, which is comparable to spray cooling methods but with lower power and space requirements and fewer ancillary components. Our thin-film evaporators incorporated into a T/R module board will reduce the thermal gradient across these boards and allow the operation of the radar system at high power densities and frequencies. Similar in-board active cooling systems could be designed for other high-heat flux electronic devices, such as solid-state lasers, electronic power modules, computer network servers, and computer workstations with multiple processors. ATEC is currently working on developing a potentially high volume electronic cooling product utilizing our thin-film evaporator technology. |
| BELTRAN, INC.
1133 EAST 35TH STREET BROOKLYN, NY 11210 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(718) 377-0227
Dr. Lev Reznikov MDA 03-001 Selected for Award |
| Title: | ACTIVE RADAR SYSTEM THERMAL MANAGEMENT |
| Abstract: | Beltran proposes an innovative thermal management system for high power solid-state lasers based on the Complex of Innovative Cooling Enhancement Technologies (CICET). CICET provides the highest reliability, flexibility of the thermal management with doubling of the sources of refrigeration, selectable for operational regimes: - Semi open cooling circuits.provide optional opportunities for full recirculating of the coolant or to blow out a fraction of the vapor of the coolant to cover peak demands of the refrigeration. - Ultra low frequency heat accumulation with Phase Changing Materials (PCM) for continuous operation of power radar system. - Planar microregenerators with PCM for the suppression of high frequency thermal pulsations. - Electrical intensification of coolant circulations, phase separation, boiling and condensation. - Ionization of the coolant for uniformity of its distribution. The expected combined increased cooling capacity will be in excess of 1000 Watt/cm2. Analysis of the experimental tests will be utilized for optimization and simulation of the intensified heat transfer for the Phase II design of the proof-of-principle hardware. Innovative cooling technique for high power radars will suppress overheating and excessive thermal cycling of space based high power electronic components. Application of the Cooling Enhancement technology will improve thermal management of powerful space- and ground-based computers, of microwave generators, space-based laser (SBL) and space-based radar (SBR). Experimental data and theoretical models and approximations will be utilized for the design and research of commercial, research and military products. |
| JW COMPOSITES, LC
420 South 500 West Salt Lake City, UT 84101 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(801) 355-7424
Mr. Joseph Weeks MDA 03-001 Selected for Award |
| Title: | Composite Heat Pipe Baseplates for Thermal Management of T/R Modules |
| Abstract: | Thermal managment of T/R modules requires new materials to reduce the thermal resistance between the high frequency amplifiers and the module cooling system. We are proposing to construct a heat pipe evaporator as the baseplate of a T/R module using a new composite material with low CTE and high thermal conductivity. Aligned fibers both within the composite material as well as within the heat pipe wick will substantially increase the effective surface area for heat transfer. Advanced materials such as GaAs and GaN produce power densities beyond the capabilities of current materials. Our approach will enable these and similar devices with very high heat flux to be cooled. This technology can be adapted to cooling cell phone amplifiers, personal computers, and power electronic modules. |
| MAINSTREAM ENGINEERING CORP.
200 Yellow Place, Pines Industrial Center Rockledge, FL 32955 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(321) 631-3550
Dr. Robert P. Scaringe MDA 03-001 Selected for Award |
| Title: | Demonstration of a High Thermal Conductivity Cold Plate Material Using Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes |
| Abstract: | This proposal will demonstrate the development of a composite material containing aligned carbon nanotubes with thermal conductivity far in excess of traditional copper or aluminum. A unique process for fabricating the aligned carbon nanotubes will be demonstrated in Phase I. Limited thermal conductivity experiments will be performed to demonstrate the conductivity improvement. The aligned Carbon Nanotube Composite (CNC) will also be fabricated into a cold plate in Phase I and demonstrated. In addition to the potential for a thermal conductivity that approaches graphite (6600 W/mK, compared to 390 W/mK for copper), the CNC heat pipe is ideal for direct chemical bonding to solid-state electronic devices, thereby eliminating interfacial thermal resistance. This extremely high thermal conductivity material is ideal as a heat-spreading device, which can ultimately be fabricated into heat sinks (including microchannel heat sinks or heat pipes). Phase I will demonstrate a high thermal conductivity composite composed of aligned carbon nanotubes with enhanced thermal conductivity. Phase I will include manufacturing techniques, design specifications, experimental data and cost analysis. This effort will experimentally demonstrate the performance of a thermally conductive material that can be fabricated into cold plates, heat pipes, and related thermal devices and provide a heat flux capability that far exceeds traditional copper or aluminum materials. The proposed material would be applicable to all types of cold plates and heat pipes. In addition to the MDA applications, other potential applications include satellite thermal control, hardened radiator systems, and commercial or military electronics cooling (high-power electronics, supercomputers, electronic switchgear, and avionics). Mainstream has performed a commercialization study and the commercial potential is tremendous. A commercialization partner has been secured as well as Phase II matching funds. |
| METAL MATRIX CAST COMPOSITES, INC.
101 Clematis Avenue, Unit #1 Waltham, MA 02453 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(781) 893-4449
Dr. James A. Cornie MDA 03-001 Selected for Award |
| Title: | Super High Thermal Conductivity CTE Matched Power Amplifier Packaging: Hybridized Graphite Fiber Reinforced Al and Cu Alloys |
| Abstract: | An order of magnitude increase in heat flux of multi-die passive heat sink materials is proposed. High performance graphite fiber reinforced aluminum and copper alloys are precisely CTE matched to diverse substrates such as CVD diamond, SiC, Si, GaN, GaAs, alumina and beryllia, by varying the volume loading of planar-isotropic graphite fiber preforms prior to infiltration with molten matrix alloy. By strategically locating oriented thermal pyrolytic graphite (TPG) inserts within the preform, through-plane conductivity is increased more than a factor ten (1300 W/mK). In-plane conductivity to the system sink is increased by a factor of >5 to 1100 W/mK while maintaining CTE matching to the die or substrate. In a second approach, an array of highly conductive K1100 graphite fibers formed into stiff wires are inserted into a planar-isotropic graphite preform below the die mounting location prior to metal infiltration. A small volume fraction of K-1100 "Z" inserted wires will increase the through-plane conductivity to ~400 W/mK in Cu matrix systems. In this option, "Z" conductivity is enhanced while CTE matching is maintained. Since reinforcement is selectively applied only to die-mount locations, heat transport is increased by a factor of two while additional materials costs are minimal. Expensive active thermal management systems are eliminated in advanced radar systems. A 10 fold increase in heat transport capacity increases the possible number of dies in a package by a factor of 10. This translates to a tenfold decrease in cost. Current troubled designs with hot spots can be cured by selective application of option B. This technology enables WBG materials insertion into advanced radar systems. Lightweight aluminum versions of the hybridized solutions will enable lower launch weights and lower system weights in airborne or lighter-than-air-borne applications. |
| THERMAL MANAGEMENT & MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
4664 Vista de la Tierra Del Mar, CA 92014 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(619) 665-2348
Dr. Daniel L. Vrable MDA 03-001 Selected for Award |
| Title: | ACTIVE RADAR SYSTEM THERMAL MANAGEMENT |
| Abstract: | Major obstacles to TMD and NMD active radar system implementation are the current limitation of thermal management cooling technologies. An innovative thermal management concept providing high thermal capability with enhanced energy storage, thermal transport and heat dissipation is proposed. The concept relies on both innovative thermal design and advanced materials. The concept is directly applicable to cooling the T/R modules used extensively in the large active antenna systems. The cooling capability is increased significantly by improvements in the internal heat transfer, enhanced surface area for heat transfer and reduced thermal contact resistances. The improved thermal system provides higher heat flux capability, yet maintains the junction temperature of the critical electronic components. Devices such as T/R modules, laser diodes and high power electronic components can utilize this innovative thermal system design to significantly improve performance. The thermal concept provides enhanced thermal capability for a broad range military systems as well as commercial components and provides a robust and highly effective thermal management approach to address critical technology needs. The thermal system will have immediate application for ballistic missile systems, ground and space-based radar systems and high-energy laser directed energy weapon systems. System payoffs include higher power operation, lower temperatures, reduced component mass and improved packaging and structural integrity of the components. The technology can be applied to other high heat flux applications including: commercial power devices, advanced avionics, electric vehicles and high performance super computers. |
| IRVINE SENSORS CORP.
3001 Redhill Avenue, Building #3 Costa Mesa, CA 92626 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(714) 444-8846
Dr. Suresh Subramanian MDA 03-002 Selected for Award |
| Title: | Dual Mode Active/Passive LADAR |
| Abstract: | Irvine Sensors Corporation (ISC) proposes to design and fabricate a dual mode ROIC that simultaneously performs the function of an active time of flight (TOF) LADAR as well as a passive NIR imager thereby eliminating the need for having multiple sensors, alignment issues, and external data fusion. A large staring LADAR ROIC will be demonstrated using this concept. The approach leverages two key technologies developed at ISC - TOF 3D-Imaging ROIC and 3D ROIC stacking. Our approach simplifies the system level sensor design, reduces overall package size, and renders it more robust for insertion into missile interceptor platforms. The proposed innovation will find use in unmanned robotic ground, air, and space vehicles for ATR, threat detection, and terminal guidance applications. It can also be used for commercial 3D surveying and mapping. |
| VOXTEL, INC.
2640 SW Georgian Place Portland, OR 97201 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(503) 243-4633
Mr. George Williams MDA 03-002 Selected for Award |
| Title: | 3-D LADAR Polarimeter |
| Abstract: | Polarization will increasingly be an important tool in ballistic missile defense. However, in practice, implementing a robust polarimetric system necessitates addressing a number of complex issues and challenges. Furthermore, polarimetric systems, traditionally have relied on spatial or sequential scanning mechanisms to record the multi-dimensional datacube. Due to spatial and/or temporal aliasing, as well as the need for moving parts, these solutions are unacceptable for MDA applications. With this understanding, we will design and optimize a Stokes LADAR polarimeter that is powerful in performance, yet simple in its design, requires no moving parts, leverages the most current subwavelength photolithography processes, and is based on proven diffractive optics techniques and technologies. The innovation offers robust, reliable, easily configurable, and cost effective active LADAR polarimetry over a wide variety of mission scenarios, targets, and environmental conditions. The deliverable output of the Phase I program will be an optimized system design, detailed manufacturing methods, an end-to-end system performance model, and a comprehensive Phase II development plan. The active polarimeter technologies will benefit a broad range of applications including: surface and sub-surface cancer detection, imaging in scattering media - including medical, atmospheric, and underwater remote sensing, machine vision, autonomous guidance, and ellipsometry. Sensitive polarimetric systems are currently being investigated for glucose detection, optical fiber communication systems, and other optical measurement devices. |
| CG2, INC.
1525 Perimeter Parkway, Suite 325 Huntsville, AL 35806 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(256) 217-2703
Mr. Mark Bowden MDA 03-003 Selected for Award |
| Title: | Advanced Scene Generation Techniques |
| Abstract: | The growth in capabilities of Personal Computers over the past decade has been extraordinary. Until recently, large computational resource dictated the use of specialized hardware. With the phenomenal growth of capabilities of workstation grade personal computer systems, the range of potential applications that can be addressed with consumer off the shelf computational systems has expanded significantly. The hardware-in-the-loop (HWIL) application space is no exception. The scene generation and facility control/dynamic simulation HWIL mission areas may benefit specifically from recent advances in the commercial computational systems. Leveraging the significant technology advances that are occurring in the commercial market will lower the costs of populating and operating HWIL test facilities, but more importantly, will shorten the facility upgrade cycle and lower the life cycle cost of facility computer support equipment. The successful completion of the Phase I goals defined in this proposal will set the stage for advancing the development and deployment of a common scene generation system. This technology would provide a common, proven test application to be used by both customer and development contractor to facilitate correctness and reduce the risk of comparing non-like results, thus reducing the cost of deployment and development of a system. The PC scene generator will have many places of use in today's booming high-speed graphics oriented industry. One of the main impacts on the commercial industry will be the testing of single and multi-mode sensors. This technology can also be used for medical imaging, police surveillance, fir prevention/detection, auto collision avoidance systems as well as intrusion detection systems. However, the main goal is to perfect all techniques involved in the study, design, and development of the PC scene generator. This way the feasibility of potential commercial products can be properly accessed with respect to their impacts on today's society. |
| KINETICS, INC.
PO Box 1262, 100 SE Cascade Ave Stevenson, WA 98648 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(509) 427-3649
Mr. Dennis Crow MDA 03-003 Selected for Award |
| Title: | Advanced Scene Generation Techniques |
| Abstract: | This effort extends the Fast Line-of-sight Imagery for Target and Exhaust Signatures (FLITES) scene generation program to include transient events that occur during the boost phase of ballistic missiles. The nominal transient events of interest include missile staging, shroud ejection, countermeasures, thrust termination, and solid propellant chuffing. Our approach is to develop a generalized formulism that will allow a wide variety of transient events to be considered and efficiently modeled as functions of time. Transient event models are important to include with the baseline signature computations since they could adversely influence targeting algorithms. The Missile Defense Agency is sponsoring many programs to develop acquisition, tracking, classification, and discrimination algorithms to target missiles while in flight. Physics-based signature models play a critical role for these algorithm development activities by producing realistic imagery of the missile as it progresses along its flight path. Increasing realism of the scene attributes by including time-dependent transient events will greatly assist algorithm designers to create stable and robust solutions. This project will have wide appeal throughout the DoD since synthetic digital simulations are increasingly being utilized to test, evaluate, or derive new guided-munitions targeting algorithms. We anticipate this program has the potential to become a standard within the DoD industry when it is inserted into the FLITES scene generation code. The ability of missile defense organization to generate physically correct signatures of threat missiles that includes transient event phenomenology would benefit the DoD by supporting: 1) algorithm development research, 2) hardware-in-the-loop testing to thoroughly examine the functionality of various flight hardware that includes hit-to-kill seeker systems, 3) and measurement and signature intelligence applications to determine specific system characteristics. Kinetics, Inc. has considerable knowledge and experience with the ballistic missile treat and the industry requirements necessary to support efforts to neutralize these threats. We are committed to providing the industry with high-fidelity signature generation tools and will continue to advance their capabilities as new research is conducted. |
| AEROMET, INC.
112 Beechcraft Drive Tulsa, OK 74132 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(918) 477-6524
Mr. William Patrick Kennedy MDA 03-004 Selected for Award |
| Title: | Early Launch Detection, Tracking and Typing of Missile Boosters Using Quad-Cell Detectors |
| Abstract: | Quadrant (quad-) cell detectors based on pin diodes are simple yet powerful sensors with a number of desirable characteristics including high quantum efficiency and excellent sensitivity, very-high time resolution, very-large dynamic range, and even a modicum of position resolution. F5ISR plans to exploit these characteristics, as well as some remarkable phenomenological findings by scientists at the Air Force Research Laboratory, in developing an airborne "fly's eye"-type all-sky sensor capable of early launch detection, tracking (ELDT), and even the identification of missiles. Each element of the array is capable of detecting a missile at launch or during boost and determining the direction of the target relative to the aircraft. Besides cueing, each sensor element can also gather hyper-temporal signature data allowing typing of the missile as well as other transient events that may occur in the theater of operation. Hence, we have named the sensor "BOLD" - Battlefield Ordnance and Launch Detection. Our Phase 1 development plan includes the design, fabrication, assembly and characterization of a single element of the array - a lens, a narrow-band filter, and quad-cell mated with a control and data acquisition computer. It is also planned to collect data on at least one missile launch to demonstrate capability. BOLD is designed to have specific application as a cueing sensor for airborne surveillance platforms based on Heimdall-IR and follow-on technology. Such aircraft include the MDA's High Altitude Observatory (HALO)-II aircraft as well as other proposed high-fliers like Global Hawk and Stratospheric Airship. In Phase II, we plan to design and fabricate two hemispherical arrays and install them on HALO-II giving it an important new capability that will enhance its capabilities as prototype Airborne Infrared Surveillance (AIRS) aircraft. However, because BOLD will be small, lightweight, low-cost, reliable, and intelligent and capable of operating autonomously, it could be the basis for widely-deployable missile-warning and/or Battlefield Ordnance Awareness (BOA) sensors. In Phase III we will take lessons learned in Phase II, redesign the BOLD sensor and processor, if necessary, and ready them for manufacturing and installation on all manner of military and commercial aircraft. |
| COMPUTATIONAL SENSORS CORP.
201 N. Calle Ceasar Chavez, Suite 203 Santa Barbara, CA 93103 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(805) 962-1175
Dr. John Langan MDA 03-004 Selected for Award |
| Title: | Spatio-Temporal Filtering and Dynamic Programming for Early Launch Detection and Tracking of Boosting Targets |
| Abstract: | During Phase I, Computational Sensors Corporation (CSC) will develop a spatio-temporal (S-T) filtering approach, preliminary system architecture and an analysis algorithm for motion based early launch detection and tracking of boosting targets. Boost-phase intercepts have an extremely compressed time line requiring fire control commit to be determined within the first minute following launch for an endo-atmospheric or low exo-atmospheric intercept. A spatio-temporal motion based approach performs data association over multiple frames without relying on absolute detection in any given frame, and therefore has utility in boost-phase intercept engagements when the target has a low signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) due to atmospheric attenuation or is only intermittently observable. Systems relying on exceedance thresholding will have higher false alarm rates, and be less robust to changing atmospheric conditions than systems performing multi-frame data association. A motion based approach to early launch detection leverages the natural ability of massively parallel analog hardware to perform computationally intensive image processing tasks in real-time. Target analysis capabilities using nonlinear motion analysis image processing techniques integrated in analog image processors are ideally suited for compact, low power, military imaging applications. Dramatic improvements in early detection of low and/or intermittently observable targets are available through track-before-detect implementations using spatial and temporal filtering in combination with target tracking algorithms. The Company's primary goal is to move this core technology into the military market with products using this technology initially being sold for missile defense applications. Analog image processing technology may also be applicable in many other commercial areas including automatic inspection, biometric identification, security, surveillance, and other machine vision applications. To date, non-linear motion energy image processing technology using Tin Film Analog Image Processor (TAIP) chip technology developed under Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) contract in conjunction with temporal filtering capability developed under ARMY Space & Missile Defense Command (ARMY-SMDC) contract has demonstrated significant utility in detection, track-before-detect capability when coupled with dynamic programming, and discrimination of low flying missile targets in moving background clutter. CSC is fulfilling current DARPA and ARMY-SMDC sponsored contracts while aggressively pursuing potential commercial opportunities for analog VLSI image processing applications. The unique and powerful capability to perform massive convolution functions in real-time, in a small package and with low power requirements will enable a new generation of intelligent systems not previously considered vi-able by system and product designers systems for performing sophisticated imaging tasks including automatic target recognition, target tracking, feature extraction, 3D reconstruction, image classification, and image understanding are critical for the building of compact, low powered deployable missile defense systems. |
| ENIG ASSOC., INC.
12501 Prosperity Drive, Suite 340 Silver Spring, MD 20904 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(301) 680-8600
Dr. D. John Pastine MDA 03-004 Selected for Award |
| Title: | A Unique Model of RF Radiation for Detecting and Characterizing a Missile Ground Launch |
| Abstract: | A new, unique, and innovative theoretical model is proposed to provide the MDA with the ability to detect and interpret the RF signature resulting from the interaction of the initial, unsteady rocket plume formation with the surrounding air and launch pad during the initial launch phase. Preliminary calculations indicate that the signature created at the launch site should be detectable several hundred kilometers away. Physical model can be used to detect and characterize missile ground launch; to identify location of a surface or underground explosion of chemical explosives; to identify location of launch tube from muzzle blast after projectile exit; to identify source of weapons fire, building demolition, land clearance, and mining operations, pyroclastic flows, and underground magma. |
| INDIGO SYSTEMS CORP.
50 Castilian Drive Goleta, CA 93117 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(805) 964-9797
Dr. Eric Beuville MDA 03-004 Selected for Award |
| Title: | Early Launch Detection, and Tracking Sensor Concepts |
| Abstract: | Infrared sensor technology has proven to be a key component in the development of advanced systems for target acquisition, tracking, interception, and destruction. These systems require advanced infrared sensors with 640 by 512 or greater spatial resolution, with simultaneous integration, and readout rates of 400 frames per second or greater. Sensors of this type are not currently commercially available. Innovations in high-speed multiplexing and low power design are essential to realize these devices. Two key subcomponents are proposed to be developed for the high-speed infrared focal plane array (HS-FPA); these are the readout integrated circuit (ROIC), and the infrared detector (InSb or InGaAs). Indigo Systems Corporation proposes to extend its family of high performance focal plane arrays by developing a large format, high speed, multiple output, sensor. During the Phase I Indigo will perform a trade study to establish the specification, architecture, and demonstrate feasibility and performance of the HS-FPA. The Phase II is divided into nine major tasks: preliminary design, critical design, ROIC fabrication, ROIC characterization, wafer test, detector material, detector processing, hybridization, and HS-FPA testing. High-performance and high-resolution infrared focal plane arrays (IR-FPAs) with 640x512 or greater spatial resolution, with simultaneous integration, and readout rates of 400 frames per second or greater are not currently commercially available for early launch detection and tracking (ELDT). Indigo Systems Corporation proposes to develop large format sensor implementing innovative high-speed multiplexing architecture with low power design and multiple outputs for high-speed IR-FPA system applications. |
| INDIGO SYSTEMS CORP.
50 Castilian Drive Goleta, CA 93117 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(805) 964-9797
Dr. Eric Beuville MDA 03-004 Selected for Award |
| Title: | Early Launch Detection, and Tracking Sensor Concepts |
| Abstract: | Infrared sensor technology has proven to be a key component in the development of advanced systems for boost phase interception and tracking. These systems require sensors with both high-performance and high-resolution capabilities. One of the important long wavelength capable detection materials developed recently is the quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP). The next generation for the QWIP FPAs will be formats of 1kx1k, 2kx2k, and 4kx4k. These arrays will allow greater resolution and instantaneous field of view capability for a number of different infrared sensor based systems. Indigo Systems Corporation proposes to develop and commercialize a family of Large Format QWIP FPA ROICs. These arrays would be made available as Commercial-off-the Shelf-Technology to the developers of advanced large format QWIP detector focal plane arrays and systems. In the Phase I of the L-FPA development, Indigo will perform the tasks necessary to advance the ROIC design through the trade study phase. This effort will establish the specification, architecture, and demonstrate feasibility for all high-risk aspects of the array design. Phase II is divided into five major tasks including preliminary design, critical design, fabrication, characterization, and wafer test. Large Format QWIP FPA ROICs, developed under this program would be made available as Commercial-off-the Shelf-Technology (COTS) to the developers of advanced QWIP detector arrays and systems, enabling rapid deployment of low-cost infrared-based systems into commercial and military markets. Indigo proposes to develop L-FPA through the incorporation of a sub-micron CMOS stitching process. Stitched reticles are capable of producing multiple array configurations. Thus a single reticle set can be used to produce 1kx1k, 2kx2k and 4kx4k ROICs at reduced costs. |
| PHOTON RESEARCH ASSOC., INC.
5720 Oberlin Drive San Diego, CA 92121 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(703) 243-6613
Mr. James McGraw MDA 03-004 Selected for Award |
| Title: | Space-Borne Passive Bistatic (Multistatic) GMTI Radar Using SIGINT Assets |
| Abstract: | Observation of the earth by space-borne radar is an essential feature of present and future surveillance and reconnaissance. The ability to provide continuous observation over extended time periods and large overland areas, as well as detection and tracking of Time Critical ground moving targets (TCTs) such as a mobile Scud transporter erector launcher (TEL) plays a predominant role in this context. Current space-borne SIGINT assets are involved in the remote sensing and processing of data from foreign radars, communication signals and other RF and microwave sensors in order to obtain information about the capabilities of these sensors. Important features of these systems are the use of sensitive receivers and other devices that record data for later analysis. Combining the concept of space-borne Moving Target Indication functions (MTI) with SIGINT assets can provide for improved strategic or tactical situation assessment and thus reduce the uncertainty and ambiguity of the threat assessment product. PRA proposes a unique and innovative concept to extend the present capabilities of SIGINT assets to assist in MTI functions. Projected future reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition needs call for a space system able to provide support for near-continuous, all-weather wide area surveillance, attack operations, indications and warning, and assessment missions. One Concept of Operations (CONOPS) describes the military utility of a space based Moving Target Indicator (SBMTI). This envisions a constellation of space based radar satellites gathering moving target indicator (MTI) and synthetic aperture (SAR) imagery. SBMTI advantages include coverage over denied and high-threat territory, keeping U.S., and allied personnel out of harm's way, coverage for blind spots and screened areas, supplementing theater assets to greatly extend viewing ranges, and providing rapid access to cover TCTs such as Scud TEL tracks. Spaced based concepts have been explored, such as Starlite and TechSat 21, which consisted of either a large constellation of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites or clusters of micro-satellites flying in formation and operating cooperatively to perform the function of much larger, complex, and expensive single satellites, respectively. Affordability constraints have limited demonstration of these concepts and thus delayed an opportunity to access such rich sources of information that could possibly allow U.S. decision makers to be able to direct action that would significantly shorten a conflict and/or eliminate its impact on civilian populations. The value of this project is to leverage existing space-based SIGINT platforms to provide for a SBMTI capability that doesn't exist today. |
| SPECTRAL SCIENCES, INC.
99 South Bedford Street, Suite 7 Burlington, MA 01803 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(781) 273-4770
Dr. Steven Richtsmeier MDA 03-004 Selected for Award |
| Title: | Field and Modeling Test Bed for Plume Detection through Sunlit Clouds |
| Abstract: | Early Launch Detection and Tracking (ELDT) is emerging as a key component of US ballistic missile defense strategy. The complications of sunlit cloud cover and long slant path viewing make the problem extremely challenging and have thus far hindered the validation of proposed approaches. Spectral Sciences, Inc. (SSI), in collaboration with Northrop Grumman Space Systems (NGSS), proposes to develop a validated simulation and field test bed for rigorous evaluation of ELDT algorithm and sensor concepts. We also propose a novel VIS-SWIR multispectral, real-time algorithm and sensor concept for detecting missiles under sunlit clouds. In Phase I, a missile-plume-under-cloud capability will be added to SSI's MCScene first-principles scene simulation code and feasibility calculations performed for evaluating our new ELDT detection concept. In Phase II, MCScene will be integrated and validated with the NGSS Surveillance and Reconnaissance Testbed (SART) facility at Mt. Wilson, CA, and a sensor breadboard field demonstration of the proposed and other promising ELDT concepts will be conducted. It is anticipated that the new MCScene module developed under this program will be made available for use in MDA's Battlespace Environment Signature Toolkit (BEST). Both the detection concept and test bed will address outstanding problems in ballistic and theater missile defense for the US government. In addition, the developed image simulation and analysis software and SART facility enhancements would be valuable in a variety of government and commercial hyperspectral and multispectral imagery applications, which include surveillance, target detection and identification, technical intelligence, environmental characterization, oceanography, precision agriculture, forestry, geology, and pollutant and fugitive emission monitoring. |
| COHERENT TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
135 S. Taylor Avenue Louisville, CO 80027 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(303) 604-2000
Mr. Charles Bjork MDA 03-005 Selected for Award |
| Title: | Advanced Autonomous Target Acquisition (ATA) and Track Algorithms |
| Abstract: | CTI proposes an algorithm suite/design approach to improve speed, accuracy, and reliability of missile hardbody acquisition, track maintenance, and classification/identification efficiency. Various multiband passive IR, visible, and UV approaches, and now, visible and IR ladar approaches, are being considered for Forward Based sensors for boost-phase missile defense. The algorithm suite/hardware proposed by CTI is applicable to all types of sensors being considered, e.g., UV, passive/active visible and IR. Conventional plume tracking is used in each waveband to estimate important features and actual hardbody location. However, additional proprietary spatial processing uses radiance-data to further minimize hardbody uncertainty volumes. Image anisotropy corrections then further improve estimation, i.e., reducing deleterious impact of enhancement regions. These estimates are supplied to a batch-initialized, multiple hypothesis extended kalman tracking filter, for temporal processing. If more than one sensor is present in the suite, multiple results are fused in the multiple hypothesis stage of track filtering, The processing will be designed for speed, and is intrinsically parallel.. It will be demonstrated with a MATLAB thread containing the spatial component of the hardbody algorithm, and the enhancement correction. It therefore facilitates testing over necessarily diverse geometries, and numerous backgrounds and viewing conditions, using synthetic plume signatures. These signatures will be generated by GFE Radiation models from launch to burnout. Hardbody signatures must be generated by CTI's standardized signature codes to accommodate fully coherent ladars. : Sensors imaging through obscuring media, having features caused by embedded radiation/disturbance sources, e.g., harsh environment diagnostic testing, ship tracking via wakes, aircraft tracking via exhaust effluent plumes/contrails, with or without clouds at long ranges. |
| MTL SYSTEMS, INC.
3481 Dayton-Xenia Rd. Dayton, OH 45432 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(937) 426-3111
Mr. R.K. Hill MDA 03-005 Selected for Award |
| Title: | Advanced Autonomous Target Acquisition (ATA) and Track Algorithms |
| Abstract: | MTL Systems, Inc. (MTL) presents a unique and commercially viable solution to the problem of developing Advanced Autonomous Target Acquisition (ATA) and Track Algorithms for visible, ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR), and laser radar (Ladar) sensor systems viewing a missile in the boost phase. Our proposed "Advanced Imaging Missile Tracker (AIMIT) technique combines proven technology for static image recognition (based on image complexity) with a natural extension to dynamic image recognition. Through this combination, AIMIT exploits both static features (single-frame) and dynamic features (image changes from frame-to-frame) to provide a highly optimized, fast, and effective missile identification and tracking capability, across a broad range of sensor types and sensor locations, involved in acquiring and tracking a missile throughout its boost phase. In Phase I, MTL will perform (1) a prototype development, (2) experimental and analytical feasibility assessments which address existing system integration feasibility as well as functional/performance feasibility, (3) a prototype demonstration, (4) a preliminary system design to carry forward into Phase II, and (5) an initial assessment of commercialization potential. As such, the Phase I program will provide an experimentally-validated, feasibility-demonstrated approach and design to use in a Phase II proof-of-concept program, and to ultimately achieve technology transition (commercialization). The AIMIT commercialization opportunity is within the proliferation of image-based applications across the breadth of government, industry, and commerce. Reliable, robust video ATR systems would find use in defense and commercial video monitoring and surveillance applications in force protection, physical infrastructure security, counter-terrorism, law enforcement, and special operations. The AIMIT process is much more cost-effective for commercial and military operations than current products, since it operates faster, and requires less data storage space (for images or models) than other techniques. AIMIT can replace slow and user interaction-demanding systems with a low-cost, automated alternative. Commercial developers and marketers of video-based security systems comprise a ready and waiting marketplace for AIMIT. |
| PHOTON RESEARCH ASSOC., INC.
5720 Oberlin Drive San Diego, CA 92121 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(631) 331-6322
Dr. C. Ralph Waters MDA 03-005 Selected for Award |
| Title: | Boost Phase Tracking Employing Plume/Hardbody Physics Models Embedded In An Extended Kalman Estimator |
| Abstract: | A critical aspect of Boost Phase Intercept concepts is the discrimination of the hardbody in the presence of the extended intensity image provided by the missile's radiant plume. PRA proposes developing a real-time tracking algorithm that utilizes a physics based model of the plume/hardbody intensity pattern. This model is embedded within an extended Kalman filter structure to estimate both the dynamic plume shape and the position of the hardbody. The immediate benefit is an enhanced solution to the Boost Phase aimpoint selection problem for both DEW concepts such as ABL (Aim Based Laser) as well as Boost Phase Interceptors. It offers the commercial potential of developing a programmable logic array that would be a key product in a low cost interceptor system. |
| ACUMEN CONSULTING
6238 Covington Way Goleta, CA 93117 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(805) 708-5084
Dr. Steven L. Solomon MDA 03-006 Selected for Award |
| Title: | High Dynamic Range Infrared Scene Projector for Boost Phase Intercept |
| Abstract: | The existing generation of high performance dynamic IR scene projectors is incapable of simulating high temperature sources such as hot engine exhausts, rocket plumes or infrared countermeasures. The materials used in fabricating the current generation of devices are not stable at the high temperatures required (~2500 K or higher) - the pixel will melt well before reaching these temperatures. Resistive heating technology is the most mature of the myriad IR scene projection technologies available today, and hence the most appropriate springboard for the development of high dynamic range IR scene projectors. Attaining the temperatures required will involve numerous development tasks, the most challenging of which is selecting the materials of which the emitter pixels are fabricated. These new materials must 1) be stable (i.e. repeatable) over the temperature range 300 K - 3000 K, 2) possess thermo-physical properties suitable to the apparent temperature and speed specifications and 3) be compatible with thin-film processing requirements. This proposal will, via research, identify candidate materials for fabricating the next generation of high temperature emitters. Methods for measuring the relevant thermo-physical properties of these materials will be researched, and a list of vendors capable of depositing, patterning and etching these materials will be generated. The primary result of the proposed work will be a list of materials that are suitable for the fabrication of emitter pixels capable of attaining MWIR apparent temperatures in excess of 2000 K, thereby substantially reducing the risk associated with development of the next device generation. The high temperature materials developed under this effort will provide substantial benefits to the existing generation of low temperature devices as well in the form of improved stability, thus the potential market includes the entire IR scene projection community. The entire hardware in the loop test community will benefit directly from the development work proposed here, as will programs that rely on using infrared sensors to detect high contrast targets. Commercial products designed for fire fighting or search and rescue could use this product for developmental testing or training as well. |
| ION OPTICS, INC.
411 Waverley Oaks Road, Suite 144 Waltham, MA 02452 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(781) 788-8777
Dr. James Daly MDA 03-006 Selected for Award |
| Title: | High Temperature SiC MEMS Infrared Emitters |
| Abstract: | There is a need for infrared scene generators with much larger dynamic range and apparent temperature than currently available to accurately simulate high end targets like jet engine exhaust, missile plumes during boost phase, fuel explosions and infrared countermeasures (flares). Current scene generators based on silicon resistor arrays are limited to about 650,aC. We are proposing a 2-part solution to achieve higher apparent target temperatures (up to 2500,aC). We propose to demonstrate high temperature emitters (up to 1200,aC) based on SiC rather than silicon. Further, we will adapt our expertise in photonic crystal technology to control infrared emissivity as a function of wavelength in order to increase the apparent radiometric temperature of the emitters to ~2500,aC. Ion Optics is the emerging technology and product leader in infrared MEMS gas sensors. We have developed patented optical platform technology for controlling (tuning) the infrared emission and absorption wavelengths of a silicon surface. We have used this technology to create small, accurate, reliable, low power, and low-cost infrared gas sensors to detect toxic and combustible gases in homes, automobiles, public buildings and the work environment. In phase 1, we will use this SensorChip,. technology to demonstrate emissivity-controlled, apparently high temperature (>2000,aC) emission from SiC test structures. In phase 2, we will demonstrate SiC emitter arrays suitable for use in high dynamic range scene projectors. The military benefits of IR scene generators with improved dynamic range include: permits more realistic evaluation of advanced (complex) infrared automatic target recognition (ATR) algorithms and signal processing concepts; enables more realistic simulations of IR countermeasures to help develop more robust tracking algorithms; and it enables more realistic simulation of aerothermal heating of seeker windows. As importantly, the ability to more realistically represent IR scenes will improve reliability of seeker calibration and reduce testing costs by reducing the need for flight tests. |
| ALPHATECH, INC.
6 New England Executive Park Burlington, MA 01803 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(858) 812-2994
Mr. Dale Klamer MDA 03-007 Selected for Award |
| Title: | An Efficient Computational Approach to Target Discrimination |
| Abstract: | Target discrimination is one of the critical components of the midcourse phase processing in providing effective missile defense. Currently, detailed models that use an elaborate discrete Bayesian network predict the sensor phenomenology for each possible target type and sensor. The predicted sensor phenomenology is compared to the observed phenomenology, and the target type estimate is updated. The complex relationships modeled in the Bayesian network is extremely computationally expensive and cannot keep up with real time. We propose to use a Gaussian sum approximation technique to model the continuous variate probability density functions (PDFs) that occur in the Bayesian network used in target discrimination. Gaussian sum approximations have the potential of increasing the accuracy of estimating the continuous valued PDFs that are currently modeled by picewise linear discrete functions. We will address both the accuracy of the Bayesian network and, perhaps more importantly, the computational efficiency of the Gaussian sum approach in updating the node PDF when new sensor information is received-only eight computations are needed to update a term in the Gaussian sum. In summary, we will develop and evaluate the computational efficiency of Gaussian sums to model continuous components used in the Bayesian network for target discrimination modeling. The significance of developing a real-time updating of the Bayesian network used for target discrimination is increased performance in the midcourse phase. This increase in the performance of discriminating between warheads and decoys significantly increases the likelihood that warhead threats will be killed by space-based interceptors, as well as increasing the accuracy of the target-clutter map used in the handoff to ground-based interceptors in the terminal phase. Potential commercial applications of computationally efficient Bayesian network models include modeling complex financial networks that provide buy and sell signals for stocks, in addition to supplying real-time models used to detect and select automated responses to sophisticated attacks on computer network systems. |
| INFORMATION EXTRACTION & TRANSPORT, INC.
1911 N. Ft. Myer Drive, Suite 600 Arlington, VA 22209 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(408) 725-1112
Dr. Shozo Mori MDA 03-007 Selected for Award |
| Title: | Data Fusion for Missile Defense |
| Abstract: | Information Extraction & Transport (IET), Inc., proposes an innovative yet practical approach to Ballistic Missile Defense System (BMDS) Midcourse Defense Segment (MDS) object tracking and discrimination. The proposed approach is to integrate multiple-sensor MDS object tracking and discrimination capabilities, making the best use of the MDS interception opportunities utilizing all the available information provided by a diverse set of MDS ground-, sea-, and space-based sensors. Reliable object discrimination may be obtained by only a selective set of sensors (such as XBR) at a relatively short range. However, to relay the accurate discrimination information to in-flight MDS interceptor elements, the entire MDS tracking system must perform optimal or near-optimal real-time multiple-object tracking. For that purpose, we propose to model the feature signals by stationary Gauss-Markov stochastic processes, particularly for narrow-band radar and infrared/electro-optical (IR/EO) sensor feature signals, to enhance track-to-measurement association performance to obtain higher track purity, which is essential for any object discrimination algorithm to make correct decisions. IET also proposes to use multiple-sensor-invariant feature parameters to enhance track-to-track association (including Target Object Map) performance, so that all the essential object discrimination information accumulated by all the MDS sensor assets can be used in the MDS intercept opportunities. IET expects the successful implementation of the algorithms detailed in this proposal to enhance both track-to-measurement and track-to-track association performance thereby improving multiple-sensor midcourse object discrimination capability, and, ultimately, the ability of the midcourse interceptor to correctly identify and kill lethal objects in a shorter time. Beyond the BMD applications, our feature-aided tracking approach can be applied to a wide range of target tracking, surveillance, monitoring, and target recognition and identification problems. The potential applications include military, law-enforcement, and facility and home security systems, using a wide range of distributed sensors. |
| ORINCON
ORINCON Hawaii, Inc., 970 North Kalaheo Avenue, Su Kailua, HI 96734 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(808) 254-1532
Dr. R. David Dikeman MDA 03-007 Selected for Award |
| Title: | Physics-Based Boost and Midcourse Phase Discrimination and Tracking |
| Abstract: | In this Phase I SBIR effort, ORINCON, together with Boeing, proposes to develop physics-based discrimination algorithms that allow for the multihypothesis tracking (MHT) of low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) objects to create an unambiguous target object map (TOM) in both the boost and midcourse phases. By coupling a center-of-mass discrimination analysis, together with the MHT, it will become possible to a) identify low-SNR targets via momentum coupling, b) create better matching of ground-based tracking target object maps (TOMs) with kill vehicle TOMs, and c) more easily register the kill vehicle TOM by tracking the center of mass of the cloud of targets associated with the missile. Tying discrimination and tracking together is a fairly novel approach made possible in the missile defense problem by the fact that objects to be tracked are amenable to a physics-based analysis due to their calculable dynamics (unlike typical tracked objects, which are steered). Overall, by fusing the tracking analysis with the physics-based discrimination, we will provide a more robust tracking and discrimination solution. To achieve this capability, ORINCON proposes developing signal processing techniques and an expert system engine that will couple to our MHT tracker system. Boeing will assist with data, sensor, and architecture parameterization. The proposed approach will provide the Government with a unified approach for solving many closely related problems within the MDA launch-to-impact cycle. The combined multiple-hypothesis tracking and data fusion capability that ORINCON Defense provides will result in improved localization and discrimination of enemy warheads and decoys, thus improving the overall performance of a missile defense system. This technology is being leveraged from ongoing efforts for the Air Force to guide an in-flight missile (using updated target locations) in prosecuting a moving ground target. The effort under this SBIR will be tightly coupled with other ongoing work by ORINCON Defense for the MDA. |
| SENSIS CORP.
5793 Widewaters Parkway DeWitt, NY 13214 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(315) 445-5724
Mr. Kevin McEntee MDA 03-007 Selected for Award |
| Title: | Data Fusion for Missile Defense |
| Abstract: | In a Ballistic Missile Defense scenario, sensors will be faced with trying to identify and track targets in a scenario composed of decoys, Electronic Counter Measures, and associated missile fragments. The objective of this is to develop algorithms, concepts and techniques that utilize ground, high-altitude, or satellite sensor data together with onboard missile/kill-vehicle sensors to provide an enhanced target discrimination capability. Sensis proposes Multi-Sensor Track (MST) algorithm modified to a Multi-Hypothesis Multi-Sensor Data Fusion System (MH-MS-DF) to fuse data derived from ground, high-altitude or satellite sensor data. The association algorithm of the MH-MS-DF will have the capability to adjust for time mis-alignment of data sources, missed detections, false alarms, incorrect sensor ID information, dynamic data association gates, and sensor registration limits. During Phase I, Sensis shall develop concepts and techniques for a Multi-Hypothesis Multi-Sensor Data Fusion System derived by extending the capabilities of a Sensis developed Multi-Sensor Track algorithm. During Phase II, Sensis will develop software algorithms to implement and demonstrate the MH-MS-DF algorithms derived in Phase I. During Phase III, Sensis will promote dual use application of the MH-MS-DF to civilian problems such as Drug Interdiction, Air Traffic Control, Medical Applications, and Homeland Defense Initiatives. Defense related Applications include: Automatic Surveillance Minimization of Friendly Fire Casualties Target Tracking, Location and Identification Commercial Applications Transportation Systems (Location of trucks, railway cars, ships, and aircraft) Drug Enforcement Agency (aerial drug interdiction) DOD Homeland Security (detect and track aircraft where the transponder replies are not being received) Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) (traffic control) |
| CARDINAL SYSTEMS & ANALYSIS, INC.
4000 Cathedral Ave, NW, Suite 121B Washington, DC 20016 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(202) 257-0690
Dr. C. Tucker Battle MDA 03-008 Selected for Award |
| Title: | An Optimization Algorithm for Missile Defense Planning |
| Abstract: | Planning for theater missile defense (TMD) is complicated because defense coverage is, in general, dependent upon the location of the attacker's launch sites and not all attackers can cover all targets. In addition, there may be considerable uncertainty associated with launch-site locations and stockpiles. An attacker synthesis problem is formulated in which the attacker, with knowledge of the defense deployment, distributes its attackers among its launch sites to maximize damage. The formulation assumes that the attacker must exhaust the interceptor stockpiles covering a given target before it can cause any damage and that the defense uses a subtractive firing doctrine. An algorithm based on the use of Lagrange-multiplier and branch-and-bound techniques is proposed for the solution of this problem. An important by-product of the solution is a set of constraints on the distribution of attackers to launch sites. These constraints can be used as the basis of an analytical framework for developing joint TMD/attack operations (AO) plans and allocating intelligence resources associated with the intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB). The objectives of Phase I are to develop the algorithm and demonstrate its utility in these two problem areas, It is anticipated that a new analyical framework will be developed to support planning in the areas of joint BMDS/AO operations and intelligence preparation of the battlefield. This framework could be the basis for developing new planning modules for the GCCS. |
| GCAS, INC.
1531 Grand Avenue, Suite A San Marcos, CA 92069 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(760) 591-4227
Mr. Maurizio Borsotto MDA 03-008 Selected for Award |
| Title: | Decision Theory Research and Development |
| Abstract: | Many difficult problems in detection, tracking and intelligence use a Bayesian Network approach to determine produce a hypothesized result. A difficulty with this approach is the interpretation of the belief or likelihood value used to define the uncertainty associated with the final hypothesis. Higher confidence could be achieved if likelihood ranges were associated with the various data "evidence" and internal "rules" used in the network. These ranges would propagate through the network to the end hypothesis, thereby establishing a likelihood range for this final conclusion. Ranges in likelihood require the introduction of second-order probabilities, also called "precision", in the specification of the external data and internal rules used in the network. This proposal describes a new approach for treating uncertainty in Bayesian Networks that allow second-order uncertainty to be formulated and propagated through the network, thereby increasing the confidence in the hypothesized belief presented by the network. The method is based on research formulated and tested by the author using Polytrees with outstanding success. This proposal extends that work to Directed Acyclic Graphs of the form commonly found in Bayesian Net structures, including Precision Backtracking (PB). PB gives us the ability to discover which precision ranges in the rules and evidences are principally responsible for the precision range of a given Belief. We also will extend precision handling techniques to Probabilistic Relational Models (PRMs), which merges BNs with relational and object-oriented modeling. PRMs allow the construction of complex, structured and reusable probabilistic models starting from building blocks (classes) that can be extended and refined independently as needed, and combined at will. This generalization is therefore applicable to complex domains and vast models that are intractable with many other approaches Efficient algorithms for capturing and propagating likelihood ranges (second-order uncertainty) in Bayesian Networks represent a significant enhancement towards improved interpretation of the results produced by a network. The proposed techniques and software will be leveraged in the thousands of applications currently using Bayesian Network techniques. These applications include target tracking, medical diagnosis, military operations, terrorist movement analysis, Course of Action and other intelligence issues, oil and mineral exploration, robotic controls, financial forecasting, and many more. In the future it is expected that there will be a significant increase in the number of such applications as Artificial Intelligence methods gain general acceptance. |
| INFORMATION EXTRACTION & TRANSPORT, INC.
1911 N. Ft. Myer Drive, Suite 600 Arlington, VA 22209 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(541) 752-7473
Dr. Masami Takikawa MDA 03-008 Selected for Award |
| Title: | Decision Theory Research and Development |
| Abstract: | In this Phase I effort, Information Extraction and Transport, Inc. (IET) proposes to develop new representation formalism and inference algorithms for Partially Dynamic Decision Networks (PDDNs), which are a decision-theoretic extension of Partially Dynamic Bayesian Networks (PDBNs) that have been developed by IET for the Ballistic Missile Defense Decision Architecture (BMD DA) and are extensively used by BMD DA developers. A PDBN extends a BN by introducing dynamic nodes whose values change over time so that the models can include both static and dynamic nodes. PDBN solution algorithms exploit this additional structure in order to effectively compute the values of the joint probability distribution of the random variables in the PDBN based on dynamically observed evidence, such as sensor reports. By adding decision making capability to PDBNs, PDDNs will enable large-scale modeling of missile defense decision problems that involve dynamics (e.g., dynamically changing re-entry vehicle locations) and uncertainties (e.g., sensor noise) to build missile defense systems that use the developed models to make optimal decisions that maximize the expected current and future benefit by utilizing all information available through real-time streaming inputs from multiple sensors. Information Extraction and Transport, Inc. (IET) anticipates that the benefits of this Phase I effort will include: 1) a formalization of Partially Dynamic Decision Networks (PDDNs), a novel framework for dynamic decision making under uncertainty, and theoretical results regarding the correctness and computational complexity of inference algorithms, 2) a prototype implementation of a PDDN solution algorithm, and 3) a prototype PDDN compiler that compiles a PDDN specification to generate procedural code that can be embedded in a real-time environment. IET anticipates that the Phase II implementation of these algorithms will support large-scale BMD PDDN modeling (for sensor management, RV/object discrimination and tracking, for example) and real-time decision making with streaming sensor inputs. Beyond the BMD applications, our framework is applicable to a wide range of complex control problems. The potential applications include military, medical, and financial decision making, which all involve a complex model of the domain, making decisions in real-time in response to streaming inputs. |
| IPEAKSDATA CORP.
2530 Woodstock Place Boulder, CO 80305 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(303) 494-2053
Mr. Robert L Welch MDA 03-008 Selected for Award |
| Title: | The Need-to-Know Filter for Approximate Inference |
| Abstract: | Bayesian Agents and Object Oriented Bayesian networks (OOBN) and Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBN) are new Bayesian Network (BN) representations enabling on-the-fly BN construction that is especially useful in the situational awareness of high-level sensor fusion and for missile defense systems that detect, identify and assess anomalies and threats. Yet a large BN can be computation-ally difficult to solve using exact solution techniques. Human organizations use approximation in integrating large quantities of information. In sensor fusion, and in intelligence organizations filters limit the number of contacts that get through to analysts. Without such filters the analyst is often overloaded at critical moments. Only reports for which there is a need-to-know (NTK) are included in the fusion analysis. In this SBIR project a similar NTK filter is applied to propagation algorithms used for Bayesian networks and systems of Bayesian agents. The project develops a new approximation algorithm: Information flows across an interface only if the message contains novel information that is of value to the receiver. One measure of novelty is the relative entropy measure of change in the distributions of the in-terface prior and posterior to the flow. Several variants of the NTK filter are ex-plored including bidding for bandwidth needed to transmit a message. Agents consult potential information servers to determine the novelty of information that could be available if the server were incorporated into the situational awareness. The winning bid identifies the next best piece of information. The feasibility, performance and usefulness of the filter are demonstrated with an example from remote sensor fusion. Bayesian Networks and Agent Systems constitute a technology that is especially in tune with high-level fusion, where diverse information sources, both sensors and human intelligence, must be reconciled, and lead to threat assessment. In the sensor tracking market, Bayesian methods have a lengthy history. The net-work representation brings considerable capability in learning, modeling, and reasoning in large complex systems, but the representation power is far ahead the ability to obtain solutions in large networks. This SBIR R&D, if successful, will provide tools and products of use to the MDA and the greater remote sens-ing, surveillance, and intelligence communities in both government and commer-cial markets. |
| SYNERGIA LLC
2400 Broadway, Suite 203 Redwood City, CA 94063 | |
| Phone:
PI: Topic#: |
(650) 569-4999
Dr. Gregg Courand MDA 03-008 Selected for Award |
| Title: | Decision Theory Research and Development -- Risk-Advised Prediction |
| Abstract: | We propose to design a very powerful technology to support actor modeling and behavior prediction of arbitrary individual and social actors, all guided by risk analysis calculations. Users without formal background in psychology, social theory, or decision theory will be able to develop actor models relevant to contemplated risks, and form predictions about actor behavior. Predictions serve to validate the models and, once accepted, to inform the development of in |